Cytotoxic agents comprising taxanes and their therapeutic use

ABSTRACT

A cytotoxic agent comprising one or more taxanes linked to a cell binding agent. A therapeutic composition for killing selected cell populations comprising: (A) a cytotoxic amount of one or more taxanes covalently bonded to a cell binding agent through a linking group, and (B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. A method for killing selected cell populations comprising contacting target cells or tissue containing target cells with an effective amount of a cytotoxic agent comprising one or more taxanes linked to a cell binding agent. Novel sulfur-containing taxanes.

This application is a divisional of pending U.S. application Ser. No.11/203,960 (Confirmation No. 2430) filed Aug. 16, 2005 (allowed), whichis a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/684,746 (ConfirmationNo. 4047) filed Oct. 15, 2003 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,008,942), which is adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/207,814 (Confirmation No.3691) filed Jul. 31, 2002 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,708), which is adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/059,022 (Confirmation No.8545) filed Jan. 30, 2002 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,931), which is adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/933,018 (Confirmation No.6969) filed Aug. 21, 2001 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,738), which is adivisional of U.S. Application of 09/717,026 (Confirmation No. 8520)filed Nov. 22, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,701); which claims benefit ofProvisional Application No. 60/167,228, filed Nov. 24, 1999, thedisclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel cytotoxic agents and theirtherapeutic use. More specifically, the invention relates to novelcytotoxic agents comprising taxanes and their therapeutic use. Thesenovel cytotoxic agents have therapeutic use as a result of deliveringthe taxanes to a specific cell population in a targeted fashion bychemically linking the taxane to a cell binding agent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many reports have appeared on the attempted specific targeting of tumorcells with monoclonal antibody-drug conjugates (Sela et al, inImmunoconjugates 189-216 (C. Vogel, ed. 1987); Ghose et al, in TargetedDrugs 1-22 (E. Goldberg, ed. 1983); Diener et al, in Antibody mediateddelivery systems 1-23 (J. Rodwell, ed. 1988); Pietersz et al, inAntibody mediated delivery systems 25-53 (J. Rodwell, ed. 1988); Bumolet al, in Antibody mediated delivery systems 55-79 (J. Rodwell, ed.1988). All references and patents cited herein are incorporated byreference.

Cytotoxic drugs such as methotrexate, daunorubicin, doxorubicin,vincristine, vinblastine, melphalan, mitomycin C, and chlorambucil havebeen conjugated to a variety of murine monoclonal antibodies. In somecases, the drug molecules were linked to the antibody molecules throughan intermediary carrier molecule such as serum albumin (Garnett et al,46 Cancer Res. 2407-2412 (1986); Ohkawa et al 23 Cancer Immunol.Immunother. 81-86 (1986); Endo et al, 47 Cancer Res. 1076-1080 (1980)),dextran (Hurwitz et al, 2 Appl. Biochem. 25-35 (1980); Manabi et al, 34Biochem. Pharmacol. 289-291 (1985); Dillman et al, 46 Cancer Res.4886-4891 (1986); Shoval et al, 85 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 8276-8280(1988)), or polyglutamic acid (Tsukada et al, 73 J. Natl. Canc. Inst.721-729 (1984); Kato et al 27 J. Med. Chem. 1602-1607 (1984); Tsukada etal, 52 Br. J. Cancer 111-116 (1985)).

A wide array of linker technologies has been employed for thepreparation of such immunoconjugates and both cleavable andnon-cleavable linkers have been investigated. In most cases, the fullcytotoxic potential of the drugs could only be observed, however, if thedrug molecules could be released from the conjugates in unmodified format the target site.

One of the cleavable linkers that has been employed for the preparationof antibody-drug conjugates is an acid-labile linker based oncis-aconitic acid that takes advantage of the acidic environment ofdifferent intracellular compartments such as the endosomes encounteredduring receptor mediated endocytosis and the lysosomes. Shen and Ryserintroduced this method for the preparation of conjugates of daunorubicinwith macromolecular carriers (102 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.1048-1054 (1981)). Yang and Reisfeld used the same technique toconjugate daunorubicin to an anti-melanoma antibody (80 J. Natl. Canc.Inst. 1154-1159 (1988)). Dillman et al. also used an acid-labile linkerin a similar fashion to prepare conjugates of daunorubicin with ananti-T cell antibody (48 Cancer Res. 6097-6102 (1988)).

An alternative approach, explored by Trouet et al, involved linkingdaunorubicin to an antibody via a peptide spacer arm (79 Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. 626-629 (1982)). This was done under the premise that freedrug could be released from such a conjugate by the action of lysosomalpeptidases.

In vitro cytotoxicity tests, however, have revealed that antibody-drugconjugates rarely achieved the same cytotoxic potency as the freeunconjugated drugs. This suggested that mechanisms by which drugmolecules are released from the antibodies are very inefficient. In thearea of immunotoxins, conjugates formed via disulfide bridges betweenmonoclonal antibodies and catalytically active protein toxins were shownto be more cytotoxic than conjugates containing other linkers. See,Lambert et al, 260 J. Biol. Chem. 12035-12041 (1985); Lambert et al, inImmunotoxins 175-209 (A. Frankel, ed. 1988); Ghetie et al, 48 CancerRes. 2610-2617 (1988). This was attributed to the high intracellularconcentration of glutathione contributing to the efficient cleavage ofthe disulfide bond between an antibody molecule and a toxin. Despitethis, there are only a few reported examples of the use of disulfidebridges for the preparation of conjugates between drugs andmacromolecules. Shen et al (260 J. Biol. Chem. 10905-10908 (1985))described the conversion of methotrexate into a mercaptoethylamidederivative followed by conjugation with poly-D-lysine via a disulfidebond. Another report described the preparation of a conjugate of thetrisulfide containing toxic drug calicheamycin with an antibody (Hinmanet al., 53 Cancer Res. 3336-3342 (1993)).

One reason for the lack of disulfide linked antibody-drug conjugates isthe unavailability of cytotoxic drugs possessing a sulfur atomcontaining moiety that can be readily used to link the drug to anantibody via a disulfide bridge. Furthermore, chemical modification ofexisting drugs is difficult without diminishing their cytotoxicpotential.

Another major drawback with existing antibody-drug conjugates is theirinability to deliver a sufficient concentration of drug to the targetsite because of the limited number of targeted antigens and therelatively moderate cytotoxicity of cancerostatic drugs likemethotrexate, daunorubicin, and vincristine. In order to achievesignificant cytotoxicity, linkage of a large number of drug molecules,either directly to the antibody or through a polymeric carrier molecule,becomes necessary. However, such heavily modified antibodies oftendisplay impaired binding to the target antigen and fast in vivoclearance from the blood stream.

In spite of the above described difficulties, useful cytotoxic agentscomprising cell binding moieties and the group of cytotoxic drugs knownas maytansinoids have been reported (U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020, U.S. Pat.No. 5,416,064, and R. V. J. Chari, 31 Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews89-104 (1998)). Similarly, useful cytotoxic agents comprising cellbinding moieties and analogues and derivatives of the potent antitumorantibotic CC-1065 have also been reported (U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,092 andU.S. Pat. No. 5,585,499).

Paclitaxel (Taxol), a cytotoxic natural product, and docetaxel(Taxotere), a semi-synthetic derivative (See FIG. 1), are widely used inthe treatment of cancer. These compounds belong to the family ofcompounds called taxanes. Taxanes are mitotic spindle poisons thatinhibit the depolymerization of tubulin, resulting in an increase in therate of microtubule assembly and cell death. While docetaxel andpaclitaxel are useful agents in the treatment of cancer, their antitumoractivity is limited because of their non-specific toxicity towardsnormal cells.

Further, compounds like paclitaxel and docetaxel themselves are notsufficiently potent to be used in conjugates of cell binding agents.Recently, a few new docetaxel analogs with greater potency than eitherdocetaxel or paclitaxel have been described (Wang, T.; Miller, M.;Borella, C.; Lin, S.; Geng, X.; Pera, P.; Bemacki, R. J.; Ojima, I.,Syntheses and biological activity of advanced second-generation taxoids,218^(th) ACS National Meeting, Aug. 22-26 1999, MEDI-038 and FIG. 1).However, these compounds lack a suitable functionality that allowslinkage via a cleavable bond to cell binding agents.

Accordingly, a method of treating diseases with taxanes wherein theirside effects are reduced without compromising their cytotoxicity isgreatly needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the present invention is to provide taxanes that arehighly toxic and that can still be effectively used in the treatment ofmany diseases.

Another object of the present invention is to provide novel taxanes.

These and other objects have been achieved by providing a cytotoxicagent comprising one or more taxanes linked to a cell binding agent.

In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a therapeuticcomposition comprising:

(A) an effective amount of one or more taxanes linked to a cell bindingagent, and

(B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In a third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofkilling selected cell populations comprising contacting target cells ortissue containing target cells, with a cytotoxic amount of a cytotoxicagent comprising one or more taxanes linked to a cell binding agent.

In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides taxanescomprising a linking group capable of linking said taxanes to a cellbinding agent or other chemical moieties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a chemical formula that represents structures of varioustaxanes, including some of the more potent taxanes described by Wang etal., supra.

FIG. 2 is a chemical formula that represents structures of some of thedisulfide-containing taxanes according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows the structure of 10-deacetylbaccatin III, which is thestarting material for preparing taxanes.

FIG. 4 shows the anti-tumor effect of anti-EGF Receptor Antibody-TaxaneConjugate on human squamous cancer (A431) xenografts in SCID mice.

FIG. 5 shows the body weight change of the SCID mice used in theexperiment described in Example 10.

FIG. 6 shows the results of a cytotoxicity determination for theanti-EGF receptor-taxane conjugate on the target antigen-positive cellline A431 and for the N901-taxane conjugate for which the A431 cell linedoes not express the target antigen.

FIG. 7 shows the cytotoxic potency and selectivity of the TA.1-taxaneconjugate in the target antigen-positive cell line SK-BR-3 and thetarget antigen-negative cell line A431.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is based on the synthesis of novel taxanes that retainhigh cytotoxicity and that can be effectively linked to cell bindingagents. It has previously been shown that the linkage of highlycytotoxic drugs to antibodies using a cleavable link, such as adisulfide bond, ensures the release of fully active drug inside thecell, and such conjugates are cytotoxic in an antigen specific manner(R. V. J. Chari et al, 52 Cancer Res. 127-131 (1992); U.S. Pat. No.5,475,092; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,064). However, the art reveals thatit is extremely difficult to modify existing drugs without diminishingtheir cytotoxic potential. The disclosed invention overcomes thisproblem by modifying the disclosed taxanes with chemical moieties, andespecially ones containing thiol or disulfide groups, to whichappropriate cell binding agents can be linked. As a result, thedisclosed novel taxanes preserve, and in some cases could even enhance,the cytotoxic potency of known taxanes. The cell binding agent-taxanecomplexes permit the full measure of the cytotoxic action of the taxanesto be applied in a targeted fashion against unwanted cells only,therefore, avoiding side effects due to damage to non-targeted healthycells. This invention permits the taxanes to be target site-directedwhich had previously been impossible. Thus, the invention providesuseful agents for the elimination of diseased or abnormal cells that areto be killed or lysed such as tumor cells (particularly solid tumorcells), virus infected cells, microorganism infected cells, parasiteinfected cells, autoimmune cells (cells that produce autoantibodies),activated cells (those involved in graft rejection or graft vs. hostdisease), or any other type of diseased or abnormal cells, whileexhibiting a minimum of side effects.

The cytotoxic agent according to the present invention comprises one ormore taxanes linked to a cell binding agent via a linking group. Thelinking group is part of a chemical moiety that is covalently bound to ataxane through conventional methods. In a preferred embodiment, thechemical moiety can be covalently bound to the taxane via an etherlinkage.

The taxanes useful in the present invention have the formula (I) shownbelow:

These novel taxanes can be divided into four embodiments, (1), (2), (3)and (4), respectively. Examples of the four embodiments are shown inFIG. 2.

In embodiments (1) to (4), R₁ is an electron withdrawing group, such as—F, —NO₂, —CN, —Cl, —CHF₂, or —CF₃ or an electron donating group such as—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —NR₇R₈, or —OR₉, and R₁′ and R₁″ are the same ordifferent and are H, an electron withdrawing group, or an electrondonating group. R₁ can also be H.

R₇ and R₅ are the same or different and are linear alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, orsimple or substituted aryl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably thenumber of carbon atoms for R₇ and R₈ is 1 to 4. Also, preferably R₇ andR₈ are the same. Examples of preferred —NR₇R₈ groups include dimethylamino, diethyl amino, dipropyl amino, and dibutyl amino, where the butylmoiety is any of primary, secondary, tertiary or isobutyl. R₉ is linearalkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or branched or cyclic alkyl having 3to 10 carbon atoms.

R₁ is preferably —F, —NO₂ or —CF₃.

Preferably, R¹ is in the meta position and R¹′ and R¹″ are H.

In embodiments (1), (2) and (4), R₂ is heterocyclic, together with theoxygen atom at the C-10 position forms a linear ester or ether havingfrom 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a branched or cyclic ester or ether havingfrom 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a carbamate of the formula —CONR₁₀R₁₁,wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are the same or different and are H, linear alkylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.For esters, preferred examples of R₂ include —COCH₂CH₃ and —COCH₂CH₂CH₃.For carbamates, preferred examples of R₂ include —CONHCH₂CH₃,—CONHCH₂CH₂CH₃, —CO-morpholino, —CO-piperazino, —CO-piperidino, or—CO—N-methylpiperazino.

In embodiment (3), R₂ is the linking group.

In embodiments (1), (3) and (4), R₃ is aryl, linear alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, or branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms,preferably, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂.

In embodiment (2), R₃ is —CH═C(CH₃)₂.

In all embodiments, R₄ is —OC(CH₃)₃ or —C₆H₅.

In embodiments (1) and (2), R₅ is the linking group, and R₆ is H or hasthe same definition as above for R₂ for embodiments (1), (2) and (4).

In embodiment (3), R₅ is H or has the same definition as above for R₂for embodiments (1), (2) and (4).

In embodiment (3), R₆ is H or has the same definition as above for R₂for embodiments (1), (2) and (4).

In embodiment (4), R₅ is H or has the same definition as above for R₂for embodiments (1), (2) and (4), and R₆ is a linking group.

The preferred positions for introduction of the linking group are R₂ andR₅, with R₂ being the most preferred. Suitable linking groups are wellknown in the art and include disulfide groups, thioether groups, acidlabile groups, photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups and esteraselabile groups. Preferred are disulfide groups and thioether groups.

When the linking group is a thiol- or disulfide-containing group, theside chain carrying the thiol or disulfide group can be linear orbranched, aromatic or heterocyclic. One of ordinary skill in the art canreadily identify suitable side chains. Specific examples of the thiol-or disulfide-containing substituents include —(CH₂)_(n)SZ,—CO(CH₂)_(n)SZ, —(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ, —CO(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ,—(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ, —CO(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ, —CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)SZ,—CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ, or —CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ,—CO-morpholino-XSZ, —CO-piperazino-XSZ, —CO-piperidino-XSZ, and—CO—N-methylpiperazino-XSZ, wherein

Z is H or SR,

X is linear alkyl having 1-10 carbon atoms or branched alkyl having 3-10carbon atoms,

R and R₁₂ are the same or different and are linear alkyl having 1 to 10carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, orsimple or substituted aryl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms orheterocyclic, and R₁₂ can in addition be H, and

n is an integer of 1 to 10.

Examples of linear alkyls include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyland hexyl.

Examples of branched alkyls include isopropyl, isobutyl, sec.-butyl,tert.-butyl, isopentyl and 1-ethyl-propyl.

Examples of cyclic alkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyland cyclohexyl.

Examples of simple aryls include phenyl and naphthyl.

Examples of substituted aryls include aryls such as those describedabove substituted with alkyl groups, with halogens, such as —Cl, —Br or—F, nitro groups, amino groups, sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acidgroups, hydroxy groups or alkoxy groups.

Examples of heterocyclics are compounds wherein the heteroatoms areselected from O, N, and S, and include morpholino, piperidino,piperazino, N-methylpiperazino, pyrrollyl, pyridyl, furyl and thiophene.

The taxanes of the present invention that have a thiol- ordisulfide-containing substituent are in themselves novel.

The taxanes that have a thiol or disulfide-containing substituent can besynthesized according to known methods. The starting material for thesynthesis is the commercially available 10-deacetylbaccatin III, shownin FIG. 3. The chemistry to introduce various substituents is describedin several publications (Ojima et al, J. Med. Chem. 39, 3889-3896,(1996), Ojima et al., 40 J. Med. Chem. 267-278 (1997); I. Ojima et al.,96 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 4256-4261 (1999); I. Ojima et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,475,011 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,452.).

The substituent R₁ on the phenyl ring and the position of thesubstituent R₁ can be varied until a compound of the desired toxicity isobtained. Furthermore, the degree of substitution on the phenyl ring canbe varied to achieve a desired toxicity. That is, the phenyl ring canhave one or more substituents (e.g., mono-, di-, or tri-substitution ofthe phenyl ring) which provide another means for achieving a desiredtoxicity. High cytotoxicity is defined as exhibiting a toxicity havingan IC₅₀ in the range of 1×10⁻¹² to 3×10⁻⁹M, when measured in vitro withcultured cancer cells upon a 72 hour exposure time to the drug. One ofordinary skill in the art can determine the appropriate chemical moietyfor R₁ and the appropriate position for R₁ using only routineexperimentation.

For example electron withdrawing groups at the meta position areexpected to increase the cytotoxic potency, while substitution at thepara position is not expected to increase the potency as compared to theparent taxane. Typically a few representative taxanes with substituentsat the different positions (ortho, meta and para) will be initiallyprepared and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity.

The disulfide or thiol-containing substituent can be introduced at oneof the positions where a hydroxyl group already exists. The chemistry toprotect the various hydroxyl groups, while reacting the desired one, hasbeen described previously (see, for example, the references citedsupra). The substituent is introduced by simply converting the freehydroxyl group to a disulfide-containing ether, a disulfide-containingester, or a disulfide-containing carbamate. This transformation isachieved as follows. The desired hydroxyl group is deprotonated bytreatment with the commercially available reagent lithiumhexamethyldisilazane (1.2 equivalents) in tetrahydrofuran at −40° C. asdescribed in I. Ojima et al, supra. The resulting alkoxide anion is thenreacted with an excess of a dihalo compound, such as dibromoethane, togive a halo ether. Displacement of the halogen with a thiol (by reactionwith potassium thioacetate and treatment with mild base orhydroxylamine) will provide the desired thiol-containing taxane. Thethiol group can be converted into a methyl or pyridyl disulfide byreaction with methyl methane thiol sulfonate or dithiodipyridinerespectively. This method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,064.

Alternatively, the desired hydroxyl group can be esterified directly byreaction with an acyl halide, such as 3-bromopropionyl chloride to givea bromo ester. Displacement of the bromo group by treatment withpotassium thioacetate and further processing as described above willprovide the thiol or disulfide-containing taxane ester. In order toprepare disulfide-containing carbamates, the hydroxyl group can bereacted with a commercially available chloroformate, such aspara-nitrophenyl chloroformate followed by reaction with an amino alkyldisulfide (e.g., methyldithio cysteamine).

Disulfide-containing and thiol-containing taxane drugs of the inventioncan be evaluated for their ability to suppress proliferation of variousunwanted cell lines in vitro. For example, cell lines such as the humanepidermoid carcinoma line A431, the human breast tumor line SKBR3, andthe Burkitt's lymphoma line Namalwa can easily be used for theassessment of cytotoxicity of these compounds. Cells to be evaluated canbe exposed to the compounds for 72 hours and the surviving fractions ofcells measured in direct assays by known methods. IC₅₀ values can thenbe calculated from the results of the assays.

The effectiveness of the compounds of the invention as therapeuticagents depends on the careful selection of an appropriate cell bindingagent. Cell binding agents may be of any kind presently known, or thatbecome known and include peptides and non-peptides. Generally, these canbe antibodies, or fragments thereof, (especially monoclonal antibodies),lymphokines, hormones, growth factors, vitamins, nutrient-transportmolecules (such as transferrin), or any other cell binding molecule orsubstance.

More specific examples of cell binding agents that can be used include:

fragments of antibodies such as sFv, Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ (Parham, 131J. Immunol. 2895-2902 (1983); Spring et al, 113 J. Immunol. 470-478(1974); Nisonoff et al, 89 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 230-244 (1960));

interferons (e.g. α, β, γ);

lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6;

hormones such as insulin, TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormones), MSH(melanocyte-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones, such as androgensand estrogens;

vitamins such as folic acid;

growth factors and colony-stimulating factors such as EGF, TGF-α, G-CSF,M-CSF and GM-CSF (Burgess, 5 Immunology Today 155-158 (1984)); and

transferrin (O'Keefe et al, 260 J. Biol. Chem. 932-937 (1985)).

Monoclonal antibody techniques allow for the production of extremelyspecific cell binding agents in the form of specific monoclonalantibodies or fragments thereof. Particularly well known in the art aretechniques for creating monoclonal antibodies, or fragments thereof, byimmunizing mice, rats, hamsters, or any other mammal with the antigen ofinterest such as the intact target cell, antigens isolated from thetarget cell, whole virus, attenuated whole virus, and viral proteinssuch as viral coat proteins. Sensitized human cells can also be used.Another method of creating monoclonal antibodies, or fragments thereof,is the use of phage libraries of sFv (single chain variable region),specifically human sFv. (See e.g., Griffiths et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,885,793; McCafferty et al., WO 92/01047; Liming et al., WO 99/06587.)

Selection of the appropriate cell binding agent is a matter of choicethat depends upon the particular cell population to be targeted, but ingeneral monoclonal antibodies are preferred if an appropriate one isavailable.

For example, the monoclonal antibody J5 is a murine IgG_(2a) antibodythat is specific for Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA)(Ritz et al, 283 Nature 583-585 (1980)) and can be used if the targetcells express CALLA such as in the disease of acute lymphoblasticleukemia. Similarly, the monoclonal antibody anti-B4 is a murine IgG₁,that binds to the CD19 antigen on B cells (Nadler et al, 131 J. Immunol.244-250 (1983)) and can be used if the target cells are B cells ordiseased cells that express this antigen such as in non-Hodgkin'slymphoma or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.

Additionally, GM-CSF which binds to myeloid cells can be used as a cellbinding agent to diseased cells from acute myelogenous leukemia. IL-2which binds to activated T-cells can be used for prevention oftransplant graft rejection, for therapy and prevention ofgraft-versus-host disease, and for treatment of acute T-cell leukemia.MSH which binds to melanocytes can be used for the treatment ofmelanoma. Folic acid, which targets the folate receptor expressed onovarian and other cancers, is also a suitable cell binding agent.

Cancers of the breast and testes can be successfully targeted withestrogen (or estrogen analogues) or androgen (or androgen analogues)respectively as cell binding agents.

Conjugates of the taxanes of the invention and a cell binding agent canbe formed using any techniques presently known or later developed.Numerous methods of conjugation are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,064and U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,092. The taxane ester can be modified to yield afree amino group and then linked to an antibody or other cell bindingagent via an acid labile linker or a photolabile linker. The taxaneester can be condensed with a peptide and subsequently linked to a cellbinding agent to produce a peptidase labile linker. The hydroxyl groupon the taxane ester can be succinylated and linked to a cell bindingagent to produce a conjugate that can be cleaved by intracellularesterases to liberate free drug. Most preferably, the taxane ethers,esters, or carbamates are treated to create a free or protected thiolgroup, and then the disulfide- or thiol-containing taxanes are linked tothe cell binding agent via disulfide bonds.

Representative conjugates of the invention are antibody-taxane, antibodyfragment-taxane epidermal growth factor (EGF)-taxane, melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH)-taxane, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)-taxane, estrogen-taxane, estrogen analogue-taxane,androgen-taxane, androgen analogue-taxane, and folate-taxane.

Taxane conjugates of antibodies, antibody fragments, protein or peptidehormones, protein or peptide growth factors and other proteins are madein the same way by known methods. For example, peptides and antibodiescan be modified with cross linking reagents such as N-succinimidyl3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, N-succinimidyl4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP),4-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-α-methyl-α-(2-pyridyl dithio)-toluene (SMPT),N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)butyrate (SDPB), 2-iminothiolane, orS-acetylsuccinic anhydride by known methods. See, Carlsson et al, 173Biochem. J. 723-737 (1978); Blattler et al, 24 Biochem. 1517-1524(1985); Lambert et al, 22 Biochem. 3913-3920 (1983); Klotz et al, 96Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 605 (1962); and Liu et al, 18 Biochem. 690(1979), Blakey and Thorpe, 1 Antibody, Immunoconjugates &Radiopharmaceuticals, 1-16 (1988), Worrell et al 1 Anti-Cancer DrugDesign 179-184 (1986). The free or protected thiol-containing cellbinding agent thus derived is then reacted with a disulfide- orthiol-containing taxane to produce conjugates. The conjugates can bepurified by HPLC or by gel filtration.

Similarly, for example, estrogen and androgen cell binding agents suchas estradiol and androstenediol can be esterified at the C-17 hydroxygroup with an appropriate disulfide containing carboxylic acid usinge.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensing agent. Examples of suchcarboxylic acids that can be employed are 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propanoicacid, 3-methyldithiopropanoic acid, 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoic acid,and 3-phenyldithiopropanoic acid. Esterification of the C-17 hydroxygroup can also be achieved by reaction with an appropriately protectedthiol group containing carboxylic acid chloride such as3-S-acetylpropanoyl chloride. Other methods of esterification can alsobe employed as described in the literature (Haslam, 36 Tetrahedron2409-2433 (1980)). The protected or free thiol containing androgen orestrogen can then be reacted with a disulfide- or thiol-containingtaxane to produce conjugates. The conjugates can be purified by columnchromatography on silica gel or by HPLC. Folic acid can be condensedwith a suitable hydrazide such as 4-(2-pyridyldithio) pentanoic acidhydrazide in the presence of a condensing agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to give a hydrazone containing an active disulfide. Thedisulfide-containing folate can then be reacted with a thiol-containingtaxane to produce a conjugate that can be purified by columnchromatography over silica gel or by HPLC.

Preferably monoclonal antibody- or cell binding agent-taxane conjugatesare those that are joined via a disulfide bond, as discussed above, thatare capable of delivering taxane molecules. Such cell binding conjugatesare prepared by known methods such as by modifying monoclonal antibodieswith succinimidyl pyridyl-dithiopropionate (SPDP) (Carlsson et al, 173Biochem. J. 723-737 (1978)). The resulting thiopyridyl group is thendisplaced by treatment with thiol-containing taxanes to producedisulfide linked conjugates. Alternatively, in the case of thearyldithio-taxanes, the formation of the cell binding conjugate iseffected by direct displacement of the aryl-thiol of the taxane bysulfhydryl groups previously introduced into antibody molecules.Conjugates containing 1 to 10 taxane drugs linked via a disulfide bridgeare readily prepared by either method.

More specifically, a solution of the dithiopyridyl modified antibody ata concentration of 1 mg/ml in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, at pH6.5 containing 1 mM EDTA is treated with the thiol-containing taxane(1.25 molar eq./dithiopyridyl group). The release of thiopyridine fromthe modified antibody is monitored spectrophotometrically at 343 nm andis complete in about 20 hours. The antibody-taxane conjugate is purifiedand freed of unreacted drug and other low molecular weight material bygel filtration through a column of Sephadex G-25 or Sephacryl S300. Thenumber of taxane moieties bound per antibody molecule can be determinedby measuring the ratio of the absorbance at 230 nm and 275 nm. Anaverage of 1-10 taxane molecules/antibody molecule can be linked viadisulfide bonds by this method.

Antibody-taxane conjugates with non-cleavable links can also beprepared. The antibody can be modified with crosslinking reagents suchas succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC),sulfo-SMCC, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS),sulfo-MBS or succinimidyl-iodoacetate, as described in the literature,to introduce 1-10 reactive groups. See, Yoshitake et al, 101 Eur. J.Biochem. 395-399 (1979); Hashida et al, J. Applied Biochem. 56-63(1984); and Liu et al, 18 Biochem. 690-697 (1979). The modified antibodyis then reacted with the thiol-containing taxane derivative to produce aconjugate. The conjugate can be purified by gel filtration through aSephadex G-25 column.

The modified antibodies, or fragments thereof, are treated with thethiol-containing taxanes (1.25 molar equivalent/maleimido group). Themixtures are incubated overnight at about 4° C. The antibody-taxaneconjugates are purified by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-25column. Typically, an average of 1 to 10 taxanes per antibody arelinked.

A preferred method is to modify antibodies, or fragments thereof, withsuccinimidyl-4-(maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) tointroduce maleimido groups followed by reaction of the modified antibodyor fragment with the thiol-containing taxanes to give a thioether linkedconjugate. Again, conjugates with 1 to 10 drug molecules per antibodymolecule result.

Cytotoxicity of the taxanes and their antibody conjugates tonon-adherent cell lines such as Namalwa and HL-60 can be measured byback-extrapolation of cell proliferation curves as described inGoldmacher et al, 135 J. Immunol. 3648-3651 (1985). Cytotoxicity ofthese compounds to adherent cell lines such as SKBR3 and A431 can bedetermined by clonogenic assays as described in Goldmacher et al, 102 J.Cell Biol. 1312-1319 (1986).

The present invention also provides a therapeutic compositioncomprising:

(A) an effective amount of one or more taxanes linked to a cell bindingagent, and

(B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

Similarly, the present invention provides a method for killing selectedcell populations comprising contacting target cells or tissue containingtarget cells with an effective amount of a cytotoxic agent comprisingone or more taxanes linked to a cell binding agent.

The cytotoxic agent is prepared as described above.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and excipientsare well known and can be determined by those of ordinary skill in theart as the clinical situation warrants.

Examples of suitable carriers, diluents and/or excipients include: (1)Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, pH about 7.4, containing or notcontaining about 1 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml human serum albumin, (2) 0.9%saline (0.9% w/v NaCl), and (3) 5% (w/v) dextrose; and may also containan antioxidant such as tryptamine and a stabilizing agent such as Tween20.

The method for killing selected cell populations can be practiced invitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.

Examples of in vitro uses include treatments of autologous bone marrowprior to their transplant into the same patient in order to killdiseased or malignant cells: treatments of bone marrow prior to theirtransplantation in order to kill competent T cells and preventgraft-versus-host-disease (GVHD); treatments of cell cultures in orderto kill all cells except for desired variants that do not express thetarget antigen; or to kill variants that express undesired antigen.

The conditions of non-clinical in vitro use are readily determined byone of ordinary skill in the art.

Examples of clinical ex vivo use are to remove tumor cells or lymphoidcells from bone marrow prior to autologous transplantation in cancertreatment or in treatment of autoimmune disease, or to remove T cellsand other lymphoid cells from autologous or allogenic bone marrow ortissue prior to transplant in order to prevent GVHD. Treatment can becarried out as follows. Bone marrow is harvested from the patient orother individual and then incubated in medium containing serum to whichis added the cytotoxic agent of the invention, concentrations range fromabout 10 μM to 1 pM, for about 30 minutes to about 48 hours at about 37°C. The exact conditions of concentration and time of incubation, i.e.,the dose, are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.After incubation the bone marrow cells are washed with medium containingserum and returned to the patient intravenously according to knownmethods. In circumstances where the patient receives other treatmentsuch as a course of ablative chemotherapy or total-body irradiationbetween the time of harvest of the marrow and reinfusion of the treatedcells, the treated marrow cells are stored frozen in liquid nitrogenusing standard medical equipment.

For clinical in vivo use, the cytotoxic agent of the invention will besupplied as a solution or a lyophilized powder that are tested forsterility and for endotoxin levels. Examples of suitable protocols ofconjugate administration are as follows. Conjugates are given weekly for4 weeks as an intravenous bolus each week. Bolus doses are given in 50to 100 ml of normal saline to which 5 to 10 ml of human serum albumincan be added. Dosages will be 10 μg to 2000 mg per administration,intravenously (range of 100 ng to 20 mg/kg per day). After four weeks oftreatment, the patient can continue to receive treatment on a weeklybasis. Specific clinical protocols with regard to route ofadministration, excipients, diluents, dosages, times, etc., can bedetermined by one of ordinary skill in the art as the clinical situationwarrants.

Examples of medical conditions that can be treated according to the invivo or ex vivo methods of killing selected cell populations includemalignancy of any type including, for example, cancer of the lung,breast, colon, prostate, kidney, pancreas, ovary, and lymphatic organs;autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, andmultiple sclerosis; graft rejections, such as renal transplantrejection, liver transplant rejection, lung transplant rejection,cardiac transplant rejection, and bone marrow transplant rejection;graft versus host disease; viral infections, such as CMV infection, HIVinfection, AIDS, etc.; and parasite infections, such as giardiasis,amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, and others as determined by one of ordinaryskill in the art.

EXAMPLES

The invention will now be illustrated by reference to non-limitingexamples. Unless otherwise stated, all percents, ratios, parts, etc. areby weight.

Example 1 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays

The sulfide, disulfide, and sulfhydryl containing taxane drugs of theinvention can be evaluated for their ability to suppress proliferationof various human tumor cell lines in vitro. Two adherent cell lines A431(human epidermoid carcinoma) and SKBR3 (human breast tumor) and thenon-adherent cell line, Namalwa (Burkitt's lymphoma) are used for theassessment of cytotoxicity of these compounds. Cells are exposed to thecompounds for 24 hours and the surviving fractions of cells are measuredin direct assays. (A431 and SKBR3 are assayed for plating efficiency(Goldmacher et al, 102 J. Cell. Biol. 1312-1319 (1986) and Namalwa areassayed by growth back extrapolation (Goldmacher et al, 135 J. Immunol.3648-3651 (1985)). IC₅₀ values are then calculated from this data.

Example 2 Conjugation to Antibodies

Conjugation of Thiol-containing Taxane to Antibodies via DisulfideLinks: The conjugation of thiol-containing taxanes to antibodies, orfragments thereof, via disulfide links is performed in two steps. In thefirst step dithiopyridyl groups are introduced into antibodies orantibody fragments using succinimidyl pyridyldithiopentanoate (SPP) asdescribed by Carlsson et al. The thiopyridyl groups are then displacedby reaction with the thiol-containing taxane to produce a conjugate.

Preparation of Antibody-SS-Taxane Conjugates. Antibodies anti-B4,anti-EGF receptor and N901, or fragments thereof, are modified with SPDPor SPP as described in the literature. Between 1 to 10 dithiopyridylgroups are introduced on the average per antibody molecule.

A solution of the dithiopyridyl modified antibody at a concentration of1 mg/ml in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.5 containing 1 mM EDTAat 25° C. is treated with a thiol-containing taxane (1.25 molarequivalent/dithiopyridyl group). The release of thiopyridine from themodified antibody or fragment thereof is monitoredspectrophotometrically at 343 nm and is found to be complete in about 20hours. The antibody-taxane conjugate is purified and freed of unreacteddrug and other low molecular weight material by gel filtration through acolumn of Sephadex G-25. The number of taxane molecules bound perantibody molecule is determined by measuring the ratio between theabsorbances at 230 nm and 275 nm. An average of 1-10 taxane moleculesper antibody molecule can be linked via disulfide bonds by this method.

Conjugation of Thiol-Containing Taxane to Antibodies via a NoncleavableThioether Link: The conjugation of a thiol-containing taxane isperformed in two steps. The antibody, or fragment thereof, is firstreacted with succinimidyl maleimidomethylcyclohexane carboxylate (SMCC)to introduce maleimido groups. The modified antibody is then reactedwith the thiol-containing taxane forming thioether links.

Preparation of Antibody-Taxane Conjugates (non-cleavable). Antibodies,anti-B4, anti-EGF receptor and N901, or fragments thereof, are modifiedwith SMCC as described in the literature.

The modified antibodies or antibody fragments are treated withthiol-containing taxane (1.25 molar equivalent/maleimido group). Themixtures are incubated overnight at 4° C. The antibody-taxane conjugatesare purified as described above. Typically, an average of 1-10 taxanemolecules per antibody molecule are linked.

Specific Preparation of Antibody-Taxane Conjugates

Murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the human EGF receptor(EGFR) were developed. The EGF receptor is known to be over-expressed inseveral human squamous cell cancers, such as, head and neck, lung andbreast. Four different antibodies, KS-61 (IgG2a), KS-77 (IgG1), KS-78(Ig2a), and KS-62 (IgG2a) were linked to taxanes via disulfide bonds.The murine monoclonal antibody TA1, directed against the neu oncogeneover-expressed in human breast and ovarian cancers, was used for thepreparation of TA1-taxane conjugates. The preparation of theseparticular conjugates is described in Examples 3 through 7.

Example 3 Preparation Of Anti-EGFR Antibody KS-61-Taxane Conjugate

The anti-EGFR antibody KS-61 was first modified withN-succinimidyl-4-[2-pyridyldithio]pentanoate (SPP) to introducedithiopyridyl groups. The antibody (2.3 mg/mL) in 50 mM potassiumphosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing NaCl (50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM), wastreated with SPP (11 molar equivalents in ethanol). The final ethanolconcentration was 1.4% (v/v). After 90 minutes at ambient temperature,lysine (50 mM) was added to help in the removal of any non-covalentlybound SPP. The reaction was allowed to proceed for two hours, and thenpurified by gel filtration through a Sephadex G25 column equilibrated inthe above buffer. Antibody-containing fractions were pooled and thedegree of modification was determined by treating a sample withdithiothreitol and measuring the change in absorbance at 343 nm (releaseof pyridine-2-thione with ε₃₄₃=8,080 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). Recovery of the antibodywas about 90%, with 5.0 pyridyldithio groups linked per antibodymolecule.

The modified antibody was diluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer,pH 6.5, containing NaCl (50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) to a final concentrationof 1.28 mg/mL. Taxane-SH (1.7 eq. per dithiopyridyl group) in ethanol(10% v/v in final reaction mixture) was then added to the modifiedantibody solution. The reaction proceeded at ambient temperature underargon for 24 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitoredspectrophotometrically at 343 nm for release of pyridine-2-thione,caused by disulfide exchange between the taxane-SH and the dithiopyridylgroups on the antibody. The increase in absorbance at 343 nm indicatedthat the taxane had linked to the antibody. The reaction mixture wasthen loaded on to a Sephadex G25 SF gel filtration column equilibratedwith phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5) containing 20% propyleneglycol. The major peak comprised monomeric KS-61-Taxane. Theconcentration of the conjugate was determined by measuring theabsorbance at 280 nm. The conjugate was formulated with Tween 80 (0.05%)and human serum albumin (HSA, 1 mg/mL).

Example 4 Preparation Of Anti-EGFR Antibody KS-77-Taxane Conjugate

The anti-EGFR antibody KS-77 was modified withN-succinimidyl-4-[2-pyridyldithio]pentanoate (SPP) to introducedithiopyridyl groups. The antibody (5.0 mg/mL) in 50 mM potassiumphosphate buffer, pH 6.5, was treated with SPP (11 molar equivalents inethanol). The final ethanol concentration was 2% (v/v). After 90 minutesat ambient temperature, lysine (50 mM) was added to help in the removalof any non-covalently bound SPP. The reaction mixture was allowed toincubate for two hours, and then purified by gel filtration through aSephadex G25 column equilibrated in the above buffer. Antibodycontaining fractions were pooled and the degree of modification wasdetermined by treating a sample with dithiothreitol and measuring thechange in absorbance at 343 nm (release of 2-mercaptopyridine withε₃₄₃=8,080 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). Recovery of the antibody was about 90%, with 4.24pyridyldithio groups linked per antibody molecule.

The modified antibody was diluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer,pH 6.5, containing NaCl (50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) to a final concentrationof 1.4 mg/mL. Taxane-SH (1.7 equivalents per dithiopyridyl group) inethanol (10% v/v in final reaction mixture) was then added to themodified antibody solution. The reaction proceeded at ambienttemperature under argon for 24 hours. An increase in absorbance at 343nm was noted, indicating that pyridine-2-thione was being released, andthe taxane had linked to the antibody. The reaction mixture was thenloaded on to a Sephacryl S300HR gel filtration column equilibrated withphosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5). The major peak comprisedmonomeric KS-77-Taxane. The concentration of antibody KS-77 wasdetermined by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. The conjugate wasformulated with Tween 80 (0.06%) and HSA (1 mg/mL).

Example 5 Preparation Of Anti-EGFR Antibody KS-62-Taxane Conjugate

The anti-EGF antibody-taxane conjugate (KS-62-Taxane) was prepared in amanner similar to that described in Example 4. The modified antibody wasdiluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing NaCl(50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Theantibody was modified with SPP to introduce 5.25 pyridyldithio groupsper antibody molecule Taxane-SH (1.7 eq.) in ethanol (10% v/v in finalreaction mixture) was then added to the modified antibody solution. Thereaction proceeded at ambient temperature under argon for 24 hours. Theconjugate was purified by passage through a Sephacryl S300HR gelfiltration column equilibrated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH6.5). The major peak comprised monomeric KS-62-Taxane. The conjugate wasformulated in PBS, containing Tween 80 (0.01%, w/v) and HSA (1 mg/mL).

Example 6 Preparation Of Anti-EGFR Antibody KS-78-Taxane Conjugate

The anti-EGFR antibody-Taxane conjugate, KS-78-Taxane, was prepared in amanner similar to that described in Example 4. The modified antibody wasdiluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing NaCl(50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) to a final concentration of 1.6 mg/mL. Theantibody was modified with SPP to introduce 4.0 pyridyldithio groups perantibody molecule. Taxane-SH (1.7 eq.) in ethanol (15% v/v in finalreaction mixture) was then added to the modified antibody solution. Thereaction proceeded at ambient temperature under argon for 24 hours. Thesolution was then split into two batches, Batch A and Batch B, whichwere treated separately. Batch A was dialyzed against PBS, pH 6.5containing 2 mM CHAPS(3-[(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate) and 20% (v/v)propylene glycol. The pH of the final solution was 6.0. Batch B wasdialyzed into PBS, pH 6.5 containing 20% (v/v) propylene glycol. Afterdialyses, HSA (1 mg/mL) was added to both batches. Batch B was furthertreated with Tween 80 (0.05%, w/v).

Example 7 Preparation Of TA1-Taxane Conjugate

The murine monoclonal antibody TA 1, which binds to the neu oncogeneexpressed on breast and ovarian tumors, was used in the preparation of ataxane conjugate. TA1 (3.2 mg/mL) in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer,pH 6.5, containing NaCl (50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) was treated with SPP(8.0 molar equivalents in ethanol). The final ethanol concentration was5% (v/v). After 90 minutes at ambient temperature, lysine (50 mM) wasadded to help in the removal of any non-covalently bound SPP. Thereaction mixture was incubated for 2 hours, and then gel filteredthrough a Sephadex G25 column equilibrated in the above buffer.Antibody-containing fractions were pooled and the degree of modificationwas determined by treating a sample with dithiothreitol and measuringthe change in absorbance at 343 nm (release of pyridine-2-thione withε₃₄₃=8,080 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). Recovery of the antibody was about 90%, with 4.9pyridyldithio groups linked per antibody molecule.

The modified antibody was diluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer,pH 6.5, containing NaCl (50 mM) and EDTA (2 mM) to a final concentrationof 1.0 mg/mL. Taxane-SH (1.7 eq. per pyridyldithio group incorporated)in ethanol (10% v/v in final reaction mixture) was then added to themodified antibody solution. The reaction proceeded at ambienttemperature under argon for 24 hours. The release of pyridine-2-thione(monitored at 343 nm), indicated that the disulfide exchange between theTaxane-SH and the pyridyldithio substituent on the antibody wascomplete. A portion of the reaction mixture (4.0 mg) was then loaded ona Sephacryl S300HR gel filtration column equilibrated withphosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5). The major peak comprisedmonomeric TA1-Taxane. The remaining conjugate was diluted to 0.5 mg/mL,and dialyzed into 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containingNaCl (50 mM), EDTA (2 mM) and 20% propylene glycol. The concentration ofantibody TA1 was determined in both species by measuring the absorbanceat 280 nm. The conjugates were formulated in PBS containing Tween 80(0.01%) and HSA (1 mg/mL).

Example 8 Other Methods of Linking Taxanes

Acid Labile Linkers

Taxanes can be esterified with N-protected amino acids, such asN-tboc-L-alanine in the presence of dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide anddimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) by standard methods described in thechemical literature. Cleavage of the t-boc protecting group withtrifluoroacetic acid will give a taxane ester containing a terminalamino group. This amino group containing taxane can be linked toantibodies, or fragments thereof, and other cell binding agents via anacid labile linker as previously described (Blattler et al, 24Biochemistry, 1517-1524 (1985), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,542,225, 4,569,789 and4,764,368).

Photolabile Linker

The amino group-containing taxane derivative described above can belinked to cell binding agents via a photolabile linker as previouslydescribed. (Senter et al, 42 Photochemistry and Photobiology, 231-237(1985), U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,014).

Peptidase Labile Linker

The amino group-containing taxane described above can also be linked tocell binding agents via peptide spacer linkers. It has been previouslyshown that short peptide spacers between drugs and macromolecularprotein carriers are stable in serum but are readily hydrolyzed byintracellular lysosomal peptidases (Trouet et al, 79 Proc. Nat'l. Acad.Sci., 626-629 (1982)). The amino group containing taxane can becondensed with peptides such as Ala-Leu, Leu-Ala-Leu or a dimer ofAla-Leu using condensing agents such as1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethyl carbodiimide-HCl to give a peptidederivative of the taxane which can then be linked to cell bindingagents.

Esterase Labile Linker

Taxanes can be esterified by reaction of the hydroxyl group withsuccinic anhydride and then linked to a cell binding agent to produce aconjugate that can be cleaved by intracellular esterases to liberatefree drug. (For examples, see: Aboud-Pirak et al, 38 Biochem.Pharmacol., 641-648 (1989), Laguzza et al, 32 J. Med. Chem., 549-555(1989)).

Example 9 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity

The anti-tumor effect of anti-EGF receptor antibody-taxane conjugate onhuman squamous cancer (A431) xenografts in SCID mice was established asfollows. The anti-tumor effect of two different anti-human epidermalgrowth factor receptor-taxane conjugates (anti-EGFR-taxane conjugates),KS-61-Taxane and KS-77-Taxane was evaluated in a human tumor xenograftmodel in SCID mice.

Five week old female SCID mice (25 animals) were inoculatedsubcutaneously in the right flank with A-431 human squamous cancer cells(1.5×10⁶ cells/mouse) in 0.1 mL of serum-free medium. The tumors weregrown for 11 days to an average size of 100.0 mm³ (range of 54-145 mm³).The animals were then randomly divided into four groups (3 to 5 animalsper group) according to their tumor size. The first group receivedKS-61-Taxane conjugate (10 mg/kg, qd×5) administered intravenously. Thesecond group received the KS-77-Taxane conjugate (10 mg/kg, qd×5)administered intravenously. The third group received free(non-conjugated) taxane (0.24 mg/kg, qd×5, intravenously) at the samedose as that present in the conjugate. The fourth group, a controlgroup, of animals received PBS using the same treatment schedule as ingroups 1-3.

The sizes of the tumors were measured twice weekly and the tumor volumeswere calculated with the formula: ½(length×width×height). The weight ofthe animals was also measured twice per week. The results are shown inFIGS. 4 and 5. The tumors in the control group of mice grew to a size ofnearly 1000 mm³ in 31 days. Treatment with free taxane showed notherapeutic effect, and the tumors in this group grew at essentially thesame rate as in the control group of animals that received PBS.

In contrast, both of the anti-EGFR-taxane conjugates showed remarkableanti-tumor activity resulting in complete inhibition of tumor growth inall the treated animals for the duration of the experiment—34 days forthe KS-61-Taxane conjugate and 27 days for the KS-77-Taxane conjugate.The data also show that targeted delivery of the taxane using atumor-specific antibody is essential for the anti-tumor activity, sincean equivalent dose of unconjugated taxane showed no anti-tumor effect inthis model. Importantly, the doses of antibody-taxane conjugate usedwere non-toxic to the animals as demonstrated by the absence of anyweight loss (see FIG. 5).

Example 10 In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Antibody-Taxane Conjugates

The cytotoxicity of anti-EGFR-taxane conjugate, KS-78-Taxane, wasmeasured in a clonogenic assay using the EGF-receptor-positive humanA431 cell line (ATCC CRL 1555). N901-taxane conjugate, a similarconjugate made with the mouse monoclonal N901 antibody against humanCD56 was tested as a specificity control, since A431 cells do notexpress its target antigen, CD56. The cytotoxicity of TA.1-Taxaneconjugate, a conjugate made with the mouse monoclonal antibody TA.1against human Neu antigen, was measured on the antigen-positive humancell line SK-BR-3 (ATCC HTB 30) and the antigen-negative A431 cell line.Cells were plated at different densities in 6-well tissue-culture platesin DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Immunoconjugatesat varying concentrations were added and the cells were maintained in ahumidified atmosphere at 37° C. and 6% CO₂ until colonies ofapproximately 20 cells or more were formed (6 to 10 days). Controlplates contained no immunoconjugate. The cells were then fixed withformaldehyde, stained with crystal violet, and counted under alow-magnification microscope. Plating efficiencies were then determinedfrom the colony numbers and surviving fractions of cells were calculatedas the ratio of the plating efficiency of the treated sample and theplating efficiency of the control.

FIG. 6 shows the results of the cytotoxicity determination for the twoBatches of KS-78-Taxane conjugate on the target antigen-positive cellline A431. Conjugates from both batches show similar toxicity to thetarget cells; treatment for 6 days at concentrations of 10⁻⁸ M achievedsurviving fractions of less than 10⁻² (less than 1% of cells survive). Acontrol conjugate, N901-Taxane, for which there are no antigens presenton the surface of A431 cells, shows no toxicity to the cells atconcentrations of up to 3×10⁻⁸ M. Unconjugated KS-78 antibody also showsvery little cytotoxic effect. These results demonstrate the targetantigen-specific cytotoxicity of the KS-78-taxane conjugate.

The cytotoxic potency and selectivity of the TA.1-taxane conjugate wasassayed with the target antigen-positive cell line SK-BR-3 and thetarget antigen-negative cell line A431. The results are shown in FIG. 7.At a conjugate concentration of 10⁻⁹ M, more than 90% of the targetSK-BR-3 cells were killed (surviving fraction of less than 0.1), whileno toxicity towards the non-target A431 cells was observed. Theseresults demonstrate the selective killing of antigen-positive cells andthat the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate is dependent on the specificbinding through its antibody component.

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference tospecific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one of ordinaryskill in the art that various changes and modifications can be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A method for inducing cell death in selected cell populationscomprising contacting target cells or tissue containing target cellswith an effective amount of a cytotoxic agent, wherein the cytotoxicagent is one or more taxanes covalently bonded to a cell binding agentthrough a linking group, wherein at least one of said taxanes is acompound represented by formula (I):

wherein: R₁″ is H, R₁ and R₁′ are the same or different and are F, NO₂,CN, Cl, CHF₂, CF₃, —NR₇R₈ or —OR₉ wherein R₇ and R₈ are the same ordifferent and are linear alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched orcyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substitutedphenyl or naphthyl and R₉ is linear alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms,or branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; R₂ is—CONR₁₀R₁₁, wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ are the same or different and are H,linear alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkylhaving 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or aryl; R₃ is aryl, linear alkyl having 1to 10 carbon atoms, or branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbonatoms; R₄ is —OC(CH₃)₃ or phenyl; R₅ is —(CH₂)_(n)SZ, —CO(CH₂)_(n)SZ,—(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ, —CO(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ, —(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ,—CO(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ, —CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)SZ, —CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)CH(CH₃)SZ,—CONR₁₂(CH₂)_(n)C(CH₃)₂SZ, —CO-morpholino-XSZ, —CO-piperidino-XSZ,—CO-piperazino-XSZ, or —CO—N-methylpiperazino-XSZ, wherein Z is H or SR,wherein R and R₁₂ are the same or different and are linear alkyl having1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbonatoms, or simple or substituted phenyl, naphthyl or heterocyclic, andR₁₂ in addition can be H, X is linear alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atomsor branched alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of 1to 10; and R₆ is H.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein one or both of R₁and R₁′ are —OCH₃ or —OCH₂CH₃.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein R₇ andR₈ each has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
 4. The method of any one of claims 1, 2and 3, wherein R₇ and R₈ are the same.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinR₂ is —CONHCH₂CH₃, —CO-morpholino, —CO-piperidino, —CO-piperazino, or—CO—N-methylpiperazino.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cellbinding agent is selected from the group consisting of antibodies, anantigen specific antibody fragment, interferons, lymphokines, hormones,vitamins, growth factors, colony stimulating factors, andnutrient-transport molecules.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cellbinding agent is an antibody or an antigen specific antibody fragmentthereof.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the cell binding agent is amonoclonal antibody or an antigen specific antibody fragment thereof. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the cell binding agent is specific forCommon Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA) or CD19 antigen. 10.The method of claim 8, wherein the monoclonal antibody is monoclonalantibody J5 or an anti-B4 monoclonal antibody.
 11. The method of claim8, wherein the antigen specific antibody fragment is selected from thegroup consisting of sFV, Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂.
 12. The method of claim6, wherein the cell binding agent is an interferon.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the interferon is interferon α, interferon β orinterferon γ.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the cell binding agentis a lymphokine.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the lymphokine isIL-2, IL-3, IL-4 or IL-6.
 16. The method of claim 6, wherein the cellbinding agent is a hormone.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thehormone is insulin, thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH), thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), or asteroid hormone.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the steroidhormones are androgens, androgen analogues, estrogens or estrogenanalogues.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the steroid hormones areestradiol or androstenediol.
 20. The method of claim 6, wherein the cellbinding agent is a vitamin.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein thevitamin is folic acid.
 22. The method of claim 6, wherein the cellbinding agent is a growth factor.
 23. The method of claim 22, whereinthe growth factor is epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforminggrowth factor α (TGF-α).
 24. The method of claim 6, wherein the cellbinding agent is a colony stimulating factor.
 25. The method of claim24, wherein the colony stimulating factor is G-CSF, M-CSF or GM-CSF. 26.The method of claim 6, wherein the cell binding agent is anutrient-transport molecule.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein thenutrient-transport molecule is a transferrin.
 28. The method of claim 1,wherein the target cells are cancer cells, autoimmune cells, graftrejected cells, cells involved in graft versus host disease, virusinfected cells, or parasite infected cells.
 29. The method of claim 28,wherein the cancer cells are solid tumor cells.
 30. The method of claim1, wherein the target cells are lung, breast, colon, prostate, kidney,pancreas, ovary, or lymphatic cancer cells.
 31. The method of claim 1,wherein the target cells are cells of systemic lupus, rheumatoidarthritis, or multiple sclerosis.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein thetarget cells are renal transplant rejected, liver transplant rejected,lung transplant rejected, cardiac transplant rejected, or bone marrowtransplant rejected cells.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the targetcells are cells infected with CMV.
 34. The method of claim 1, whereinthe target cells are cells infected with HIV.
 35. The method of claim 1,wherein the target cells are cells infected with giardia, amoebia orschistosomia.